Bacteriophage Life Cycle Animation

Bacteriophages are viruses that infect​ bacteria. A bacteriophage can have a protein tail attached to the capsid (protein coat that envelopes the genetic material), which is used to infect the host bacteria. All About Viruses Scientists have long sought to uncover the structure and function of viruses. Viruses are unique -- they have been classified as both living and nonliving at various points in the history of biology. A virus particle, also known as a virion, is essentially a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein shell or coat. Viruses are extremely small, approximately 15 - 25 nanometers in diameter. Virus Replication Viruses are intracellular obligate parasites, which means that they cannot reproduce or express their genes without the help of a living cell. Once a virus has infected a cell, it will use the cells ribosomes, enzymes, and much of the cellular machinery to reproduce. Viral replication produces many progeny that leave the host cell to infect other cells. Bacteriophage Life Cycle A bacteriophage reproduces by one of two types of life cycles. These cycles are the lysogenic life cycle and the lytic life cycle. In the lysogenic cycle, bacteriophages reproduce without killing the host. Genetic recombination occurs between the viral DNA and the bacterial genome as the viral DNA is inserted into the bacterial chromosome. In the lytic life cycle, the virus breaks open or lyses the host cell. This results in the death of the host. Bacteriophage Life Cycle Animation Below are animations of the lytic life cycle of a bacteriophage.Animation AThe bacteriophage attaches to the cell wall of a bacterium.Animation BThe bacteriophage injects its genome into the bacterium.Animation CThis animation shows the replication of the viral genome.Animation DBacteriophages are released by lysis.Animation ESummary of the entire lytic life cycle of a bacteriophage.

CASE EXAMPLES Essay - 3464 Words

INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM TO: FROM: SUBJECT: DATE: RICHARD LOPEZ, PRODUCT MANAGER, SONY CORPORATION XXXXXXXXX, MARKETING ANANLYST, SONY CORPORATION SONY VAIO LAPTOP LAUNCH IN CHINA AUGUST 30, 2013 This memorandum is to suggest that Sony should stay on its premium offering and be targeting the Chinese â€Å"status-focused† segment while at the same time working on the â€Å"Quality of Lifers† and â€Å"Technosocializers† segments and increase their value in our product which as a consequence will significantly be reinforcing Sony’s market share and sales in China within its coming launch of the VAIO laptop. The company’s profits will increase accordingly and Sony gradually will be the dominant in the laptop’s market of China. For that, a†¦show more content†¦The laptop market penetration is currently assessed at 50% of the current addressable market so growth in this market is slowing. Finding segments within the market that differentiates VAIO from our competitors is a key to VAIO’s future growth in the Chinese laptop marketplace. In the future it can be expected that as the market matures a larger proportion of future sales will come from replacements or upgrades instead of sales to new entrants in the laptop market. Additionally, approximately 50% of the working age population is 35 years old or less and this age range is driving a move to status seeking in consumer purchases. Customer interviews have shown that SONY is considered a premium brand. Although the laptop market will begin to mature with slower growth, we can capitalize on our strength of being a premium brand when customers choose to replace or upgrade their laptops in the future. Our marketing program must continue to establish us in the mind of the status-seeking consumer as a premium brand. 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Understanding Plagiarism Linguistic Patterns

Question: Describe about the Understanding Plagiarism Linguistic Patterns? Answer: Analysis Plagiarism is serious issue for students and researchers. Plagiarism is the "wrongful appropriation" and "stealing and publication" of another author's "language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions" and the representation of them as one's own original work. It is expected that students shall not use the work of others by their own name. It is expected that students would refer to other sources gain knowledge. However, students should not use the content of other people. It can be said that students can commit the plagiarism knowingly or unknowingly. There are certain guidelines that can ensure that students write genuine content. For example, students should not read and write at same time. It means that the first part of any academic work should be the study part of reading part. Once this is done, then students should write. There could be cases when students are required to refer to previous studies or work of others. In these cases, students should provide due reference (Hagen, 2012 ). If student is using the exact words of others then these words should be put in inverted commas. It would be correct to say that plagiarism is an important aspect of academic integrity and student must avoid plagiarism. Students should also realize that there exist specific tools in the market that can detect plagiarism. Therefore, students should not even try to produce plagiarized content. With respect to academic and education field, it can be said that plagiarism is a serious thing. Various universities have the guidelines for plagiarism and it is expected that students would follow these guidelines. There are certain ways by which plagiarism can be avoided. Students may sometime use plagiarism when they fall short of time to complete the task. In these situations, it is always advisable to ask for extension rather that producing a plagiarized content. Students should realize that plagiarism is not accepted in any form. One of an important step to ensure that plagiarism is avoided is to manage the time and start well in advance. Another important step is to make notes while studying. The notes would act as good source for students to complete the tasks. A good amount of study before writing the paper would help students to avoid plagiarism (Abraham, 2012). It is important that students should show high ethical standards and avoid plagiarism. It not only creates bad reputation but plagiarism can also affect the grades badly. There is no point in giving a plagiarized content by ones own name. It is expected that students would show maturity and they would avoid plagiarized content. Typically, copying from Internet sources does plagiarism. It would be good if student do not refer to these sources while writing the paper. The external sources and Internet sources should only be referred by studying the topic and doing the background research. References Alzahrani, S. M., Salim, N., Abraham, A. (2012). Understanding plagiarism linguistic patterns, textual features, and detection methods.Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews, IEEE Transactions on,42(2), 133-149. Potthast, M., Gollub, T., Hagen, M., Kiesel, J., Michel, M., Oberlnder, A., ... Stein, B. (2012, September). Overview of the 4th International Competition on Plagiarism Detection. InCLEF (Online Working Notes/Labs/Workshop).